There were horrific abuses in the Church in the 1400’s on every level, which Councils at Constance and Basel could do practically nothing to address. Nevertheless, Dr. John Rao explains that certain signs of hope were visible. There were reform “observant” movements in most religious orders which had suffered corruption. Sodalities of all kinds were being formed and pious groups like the Brethren of the Common Life. Perhaps most importantly, Spain was to undergo a major reform in the late 1400’s, out of which many sixteenth century foyers of change would emerge.