Discussions of what to do to save the Crusades grew stronger after the total loss of the Holy Land in the late 1200’s. Dr. John Rao discusses the various crusading theories which emerged. Crusading questions became more pressing still in the 1300’s with the establishment of the Ottoman Turks in Europe and there pressure both on Constantinople, Serbia, and Albania. A joint eastern-western resistance to the Turks was combined with the hunt for reunion of the Churches, which was achieved, on paper, at the Council of Florence.