Pius IX now saw that liberal, democratic, and nationalist governments could be even more anti-Catholic than traditionally regalist ones. For all forms of governments engaged in anti-Catholic activities, the Pope’s...
Dealing with Eastern Orthodoxy differed for Rome depending upon the region involved. Dr. John Rao discusses these varying relationships in exploring everything from Papal-Tsarist to Papal-Ottoman affairs. He also treats...
In this lecture, Dr. John Rao examines the genesis, specifics, and significance of the Syllabus. Its defenders and opponents in the Catholic world, such as La Civilta Cattolica, are treated...
Why call a Council? What issues were meant to be tackled at this Synod? What factions contended? How did papal infallibility come to be proclaimed? What role did traditionalist and...
Culture Wars against a more militant Catholic Church were fought in many places treated by Dr. John Rao: the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Holland, Italy, and France. Particularly explosive were...
Battles in the years from the 1850’s through the 1880’s were very bitter. Bishops and ordinary priests suffered imprisonment in many cases. Some religious orders left countries of their origin....
Dr. John Rao tackles Leo XIII’s efforts to do two things simultaneously. One was to provide a more detailed, positive Catholic Social Theory opposed to the Enlightenment. A second was...
Engagement with the enemy involved many initiatives. These included exploration of the use of certain modern scholarly tools in biblical research and interpretations. They also involved efforts to protect the...
Dr. David Allen White discusses Goethe, the greatest of German literary figures and an enormous influence on the nineteenth century. Goethe’s Faust and the “Faustian” temptation that lies behind the...
Wilhelm Richard Wagner is another enormous influence on a century that excelled in musical accomplishments. He also illustrates the Faustian temptation, though often in the language of redemption. But what,...
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