The High Middle Ages had taught that Christians were involved in an exalted but highly complex, hierarchically-organized pilgrimage to God. Obstacles to completion of that pilgrimage came from all segments...
One obstacle to the organized pilgrimage to God was, Dr. John Rao argues, failure to recognize papal guidance of the line of march. Opposition came from the Eastern Churches, led...
Another obstacle to the thirteenth century pilgrimage to God was, Dr. John Rao indicates, intellectual disunity, something that the university “think tanks” were supposed to overcome. Supporters and opponents of...
Holy Roman Emperors like Frederick II, the Kings of France and England, and even some noblemen saw themselves as having religious responsibilities in the political realm. When this was combined...
Philip the Fair of France and his pagan-minded legal advisors were the chief examples of the problem that could develop by the late 1200s. They began to use the prestige...
The Fourteenth Century proved to be disastrous in innumerable spiritual, intellectual, and political/social ways. This is is discussed in detail by Dr. John Rao. The Papacy moved to Avignon and...
Before weakening, the Holy Roman Emperors tried one last attempt to dominate the Church. Dr. Rao speaks of the allies which were found in Nominalist, heretical, and rebellious Church circles,...
War in France made a return of the Papacy to Italy appealing. Italy, however, was in a disastrous and divided state. A return to Rome led to the Great Western...
The Council of Constance finally allowed for the return of a unified Papacy located in Rome. But, as Dr. John Rao explains, the restored Papacy was threatened by Conciliarism, political...
Discussions of what to do to save the Crusades grew stronger after the total loss of the Holy Land in the late 1200’s. Dr. John Rao discusses the various crusading...
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